Resumen: Se ha demostrado que las competencias matemáticas tempranas ejercen un rol importante en el aprendizaje de esta disciplina y que tanto la flexibilidad cognitiva como la planificación favorecen este proceso. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las investigaciones han relacionado las funciones ejecutivas con los resultados matemáticos generales, sin tomar en cuenta que esta disciplina incluye diversos componentes que varían en su complejidad cognitiva. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la capacidad predictiva de la flexibilidad cognitiva y la planificación en las competencias matemáticas lógico-relacionales y numéricas de 106 niños de educación inicial de escuelas chilenas, quienes fueron evaluados con dos tareas ejecutivas y un test de competencias matemáticas tempranas. Para el análisis de datos se realizaron correlaciones y modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. Los resultados mostraron que la flexibilidad cognitiva fue un predictor significativo de las competencias matemáticas tanto lógico-relacionales como numéricas, mientras que la planificación lo fue solo de las numéricas. Estos resultados confirman la importancia de la flexibilidad cognitiva y la planificación en el desarrollo de las competencias matemáticas tempranas, lo que podría propiciar intervenciones específicas sobre estas funciones ejecutivas y así favorecer el aprendizaje de las matemáticas en la educación inicial.

Abstract: It has been shown that early mathematical competencies play an important role in the learning of this discipline and that both cognitive flexibility and planning favor this process. However, most research has related executive functions to general mathematical outcomes, without taking into account that this discipline includes several components that vary in their cognitive complexity. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the predictive capacity of cognitive flexibility and planning in the logical-relational and numerical mathematical competencies of 106 children in early childhood education in Chilean schools, who were evaluated with two executive tasks and a test of early mathematical competencies. Correlations and multiple linear regression models were used for data analysis. The results showed that cognitive flexibility was a significant predictor of both logical-relational and numerical mathematical competencies, while planning was only a significant predictor of numerical competencies. These results confirm the importance of cognitive flexibility and planning in the development of early mathematical competencies, which could lead to specific interventions on these executive functions and thus favor the learning of mathematics in early education.

Resumo: Foi demonstrado que as competências matemáticas precoces desempenham um papel importante na aprendizagem dessa disciplina e que tanto a flexibilidade cognitiva como o planejamento favorecem esse processo. No entanto, a maioria das investigações relacionou as funções executivas com os resultados matemáticos gerais, sem ter em conta que esta disciplina inclui diversos componentes que variam na sua complexidade cognitiva. Por conseguinte, o objetivo desta investigação foi avaliar a capacidade preditiva da flexibilidade cognitiva e do planejamento nas competências matemáticas lógico-relacionais e numéricas de 106 crianças de escolas chilenas de educação infantil, que foram avaliadas com duas tarefas executivas e um teste de competências matemáticas precoces. Foram utilizados correlações e modelos de regressão linear múltipla para a análise de dados. Os resultados mostraram que a flexibilidade cognitiva foi um preditor significativo tanto das competências matemáticas lógico-relacionais como numéricas, enquanto o planejamento foi preditor significativo apenas das competências matemáticas numéricas. Estes resultados confirmam a importância da flexibilidade cognitiva e do planejamento no desenvolvimento de competências matemáticas precoces, o que poderia conduzir a intervenções específicas sobre essas funções executivas, favorecendo assim a aprendizagem da matemática na educação infantil.

Abstract The article is the result of an ethnographic research developed with the Arhuaco indigenous people of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia, between 2017 and 2020, from my participation as an expert witness before the Supreme Court of Justice (highest instance of criminal and penal matters in the country), in the process of seeking justice for the detention, torture and murder of three indigenous authorities in 1990. In the article, I analyze the complex process of the Arhuaco people to confront this act of violence by undertaking a socio-legal mobilization that invoked the presence of the Colombian state with the prosecution of what happened to the three authorities.

Resumen El artículo es resultado de una investigación etnográfica desarrollada con el pueblo indígena arhuaco de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta en Colombia, entre 2017 y 2020, a partir de mi participación como perita ante la Corte Suprema de Justicia (máxima instancia de los asuntos penales y criminales en el país), en el proceso de búsqueda de justicia por la detención, tortura y asesinato de tres autoridades indígenas en 1990. Sobre la base de esta experiencia pretendo analizar en el artículo el complejo recorrido del pueblo arhuaco para enfrentar este hecho de violencia, al emprender una movilización sociolegal que invocó la presencia del estado colombiano con la judicialización de lo ocurrido a las tres autoridades.

Background: In 2008, the Chilean National Nursing Examination Commission, COENENF, developed a national nursing exam (ENENF). Since 2013, COENENF has implemented a validated opinion survey at the time of the national examination to strengthen the quality of the exam and facilitate its continuous improvement. Aim: To determine the perception of nursing students about general aspects, specific areas, representativeness, mastery and usefulness of the 2018 ENENF. Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study, using a self-administered Likert-type survey, was administered in 2018 to 2949 last-year nursing students from 29 nursing schools who took the ENENF. The survey comprised three areas: representativeness of the questions, student mastery of each area, and the usefulness of the exam. Results: Students had a positive perception of the Chilean ENENF and its application. Theoretical knowledge is effectively assessed and close to half of the sample agreed that the ENENF is useful. The results also suggest areas that should be improved. Conclusions: Nursing students had a positive perception of the ENENF.

Abstract Forecasting vehicle traffic flow is considered an important input for traffic planning and management for the countries' intelligent transport systems (ITS). This article analyzes the hourly flow of light vehicle traffic that drives in highway 27 of Costa Rica in one direction (San JoseCaldera). The data collected by the ITS of the route is used to forecast the behavior of hourly vehicular traffic. For this, three forecasting methods are proposed, which are compared to select the model with best performance: Seasonal Arima (SARIMA), Seasonal Naïve (SNAIVE), and Autoregression with Neural Network (NNAR). All three models are evaluated and are considered useful for prediction, however the NNAR model results in better performance when forecasting the hourly time series with the lowest MAPE of 9.4 and is consider a candidate for use in ITS. By applying the cross-validation process in the models, the conclusion is supported that as the NNAR is tested for more days, the prediction results are more stable and accurate.

Resumen El pronóstico de flujo de tráfico vehicular se considera un insumo importante para la gestión y planificación de tráfico para los sistemas de transporte inteligente (STI) de los países. En este artículo se analiza el flujo horario del tráfico de vehículos livianos que circulan en un sentido de la Ruta 27 (San José-Caldera) en Costa Rica. Se aprovechan los datos recolectados por los STI de la ruta para pronosticar el comportamiento de tráfico vehicular horario. Para ello, se proponen tres métodos de predicción, los cuales se comparan para seleccionar el modelo de mejor rendimiento: Arima Estacional (SARIMA), Ingenuo Estacional (SNAIVE)y Autoregresión con Redes Neuronales (NNAR). Los tres modelos de predicción son evaluados y se consideran útiles a la predicción, sin embargo, el modelo de NNAR tiene como resultado un mejor rendimiento al pronosticar la serie de tiempo por hora, teniendo como resultado el menor MAPE de 9.4 y se considera un candidato para ser utilizado en los STI. Al aplicar el proceso de validación cruzada en los modelos, se respalda la conclusión que conforme se prueba el modelo NNAR para más días los resultados de la predicción son más estables y precisos.

Abstract Breast pathology throughout pregnancy and lactation represents a challenge because the physiological changes of mammary tissue during this period may affect the interpretation of clinical and imaging findings. The objective of this presentation is to review the differential diagnosis of breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation. Most of breast pathology during pregnancy and lactation is benign and can be further classified into three categories: 1) those related to physiological changes, 2) inflammatory diseases, and 3) benign tumors. Only 3% of breast cancers will develop during pregnancy. Risk factors for worst prognosis, such as negative hormonal receptors or HER2/neu positive, in pregnant women have similar prevalence than in non-pregnant women of the same age. Early diagnose is of the outmost prognostic importance, therefore it`s important to maintain screening schedule as recommended. It is important to be familiarized with the physiological changes of the breast during pregnancy and lactation, and to know the most prevalent diseases affecting women during this period.

Resumen La patología mamaria durante el embarazo y la lactancia representa un desafío debido a que los cambios fisiológicos del tejido mamario durante este periodo pueden afectar la interpretación de los hallazgos clínicos e imagenológicos. El objetivo de esta revisión es conocer el diagnóstico diferencial de las enfermedades mamarias durante el embarazo y la lactancia. La mayoría de las patologías mamarias durante el embarazo y la lactancia son benignas y pueden ser clasificadas en tres categorías: 1) aquellas relacionadas con cambios fisiológicos, 2) enfermedades inflamatorias y 3) tumores benignos. Solo el 3% de los cánceres mamarios se desarrollan durante el embarazo. Los factores de mal pronóstico, como receptores hormonales negativos o HER2/neu positivo, en las mujeres embarazadas tienen una prevalencia similar a la observada en no embarazadas de la misma edad. El diagnóstico precoz es de crucial importancia pronóstica, por lo que es necesario mantener los esquemas de tamizaje recomendados. Es importante estar familiarizado con los cambios fisiológicos durante el embarazo y la lactancia, y conocer las patologías más prevalentes que afectan a las mujeres durante este periodo.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 ha generado más de 110,7 millones de infecciones y 2,4 millones de muertes a nivel mundial. Esta infección puede ser asintomática y sus manifestaciones clínicas pueden variar entre leves y graves. Para conocer las posibles asociaciones entre la presencia del virus y las alteraciones histopatológicas encontradas en los tejidos de casos fatales de COVID-19, se evaluó la presencia del virus en el tejido pulmonar de un paciente con antecedentes clínicos de infección por SARS-CoV-2. La muestra se procesó para la detección inmunohistoquímica del virus. En el estudio histopatológico, se observaron cambios morfológicos asociados con neumonitis de origen viral. Asimismo, el virus se localizó principalmente en el citoplasma de las células del infiltrado inflamatorio.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has generated globally more than 110.7 million infections and 2.4 million deaths. The severity of this infection can range from asymptomatic, mild to severe. To know the possible associations between the presence of the virus and histopathological alterations found in tissues of fatal cases of COVID-19, the presence of the virus in the lung tissue of a patient with a clinical history of SARS-CoV-2 infection was evaluated. Lung tissue was histologically processed for immunohistochemical detection of SARS- CoV-2. In the histopathological study, morphological changes associated with pneumonitis of viral origin were observed. Likewise, the location of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was observed mainly in the cytoplasm of the cells of the inflammatory infiltrate.

ABSTRACT Background: The date of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) diagnosis has been studied regarding potential etiologic roles with contrasting results and the issue remains controversial. The principal aim of this study was to analyze monthly variation of ALL diagnosis in a large homogenous Hispanic Latin American cohort over 15 years; its association with survival rates was also assessed. Methods: Clinical files and electronic records of 501 consecutive patients of all ages with ALL in northeastern Mexico over the years of 2004–2018 were scrutinized. Patients were divided into children <18 and adults >18 years. The Chi-square heterogeneity analysis was used to test for non-uniform variation. The Poisson regression analysis was used to fit sinusoidal (harmonic) models to the data, using the month of diagnosis as a covariate in a separate model. Results: During the study period 363 children (72.5%) and 138 adults (27.5%) (p < 0.001) were diagnosed with ALL. Heterogeneity across the months of diagnosis was confirmed (p = 0.019) and the Poisson regression analysis confirmed a significant monthly variation (p < 0.001) (95% CI, 3.024–3.745), a higher annual peak being observed in the month of March (p = 0.002), followed by a second peak in October (p = 0.026). The five-year OS for children was 68.2% (95% CI, 67.64–68.74) and for adults, 43.7% (95% CI, 42.67–44.71) (p < 0.001). No significant association between the month of diagnosis and OS was found (p = 0.789). Conclusion: The monthly variation of ALL diagnosis was documented; these results confirm the heterogeneous behavior of the disease and appear to be consistent with an interplay of environmental and biologic factors. Further studies are needed to examine putative candidate agents.

Resumen Introducción: La presencia de abscesos periodontales es la tercera emergencia dental más frecuente (6%-14%). Objetivo: Reportar información sobre diferentes factores etiológicos de absceso periodontal en tres pacientes. Descripción de casos: Primer caso, mujer de 52 años quien acudió a consulta por sangrado espontáneo, al examen clínico se evidenció sangrado al sondaje (SS), presencia de bolsas periodontales (BP) y cálculos (C); como tratamiento se realizó raspado y alisado radicular (RAR), complementado con detoxificación con tetraciclina y tratamiento farmacológico posoperatorio. Segundo caso, hombre de 27 años quien acudió a consulta por agrandamiento de encía, se observó (SS), y (BP); se retiró la lesión y se realizó (RAR). Tercer caso, hombre de 21 años quien acudió a consulta de control, al examen clínico se evidenció presencia de cálculos en órganos dentarios y bolsas periodontales en órganos dentarios 16-17; se utilizó (RAR) complementado con detoxificación con tetraciclina y tratamiento farmacológico posoperatorio. Conclusión: La etiología del absceso periodontal en el primer y último caso se basó en la falta de profundidad durante el raspado y alisado radicular, y en el segundo estuvo relacionado a impactación de alimentos. El identificar la etiología permite determinar diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento ideal.

Abstract Introduction: Periodontal abscesses are the third most frequent dental emergency (6%-14%). Objective: To describe different etiological factors of periodontal abscesses in three patients. Case description: The first case was a 52-year-old woman who sought treatment due to spontaneous bleeding. During the examination, she revealed bleeding on probing (BP), presence of periodontal pockets (PP), and calculi (C). Scaling and root planning (SRP) was performed as treatment, which was complemented with detoxification with tetracycline and postoperative pharmacological treatment. The second case was a 27-year-old man who came to the clinic due to gum enlargement and showed BP and PP. The lesion was treated and SRP was performed. Finally, the third patient was a 21-year-old male who sought a follow-up consultation. The clinical examination showed the presence of dental calculi and periodontal pockets in teeth 16 and 17. SRP complemented with detoxification with tetracycline and postoperative pharmacology were used as treatments. Conclusion: The etiology of the periodontal abscesses in the first and third cases was based on the lack of depth during root scaling and planning. The cause in the second case was effects of food. Identifying this etiology is useful to achieve proper diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of periodontal abscesses.

Resumen: En procesos de judicialización que involucran a pueblos indígenas, se ha hecho cada vez más recurrente la integración de dispositivos especiales que faciliten el diálogo, la interpretación y la traducción de la diferencia cultural de los mundos indígenas ante los/as operadores/as de la justicia estatal. El peritaje es uno de estos dispositivos que convocan a la disciplina antropológica al ámbito de los juzgados. El objetivo de este artículo es evidenciar cómo el peritaje es un dispositivo de la práctica profesional para la incidencia de la antropología en procesos de demanda de justicia que pretendan garantizar la comprensión de la diversidad cultural y social. Los argumentos y elementos que desarrolla el artículo se soportan en una experiencia de investigación realizada con el pueblo indígena arhuaco de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta en Colombia entre 2018 y 2020, el análisis documental/bibliográfico y el estudio del expediente judicial relacionado con los hechos de retención, tortura y muerte de tres autoridades indígenas arhuacas ocurridos en 1990. El artículo concluye que el peritaje antropológico es un dispositivo de la práctica disciplinaria capaz de aportar a las demandas de acceso a la justicia por parte de los pueblos indígenas y, por ende, a la comprensión de la diversidad cultural en los estrados judiciales. Su producción y las relaciones epistemológicas, políticas e intersubjetivas asociadas ameritan mayores análisis disciplinares. Finalmente, revelar el proceso metodológico de elaboración de un peritaje antropológico, su adaptación a las demandas de justicia y a los vacíos de un proceso de judicialización particular, así como profundizar en los cuestionamientos desde la antropología, se materializan en el artículo como un ejercicio pertinente y relevante para la reflexión sobre la práctica disciplinar en escenarios judiciales.

Resumo: Em processos de judicialização que envolvem povos indígenas, tem sido cada vez mais comum a integração de dispositivos especiais que facilitem o diálogo, interpretação e tradução da diferença cultural dos mundos indígenas ante os/as operadores/as da justiça estatal. A peritagem é um desses dispositivos que instigam a disciplina antropológica para o contexto dos tribunais. O objetivo deste artigo é evidenciar como a peritagem é um dispositivo da prática profissional para a incidência da antropologia em processos de demanda de justiça que pretendam garantir a compreensão da diversidade cultural e social. Os argumentos e elementos que este artigo desenvolve estão fundamentados numa experiência de pesquisa realizada com o povo indígena arhuaco da Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colômbia, entre 2018 e 2020, na análise documental e bibliográfica, bem como no estudo do processo judicial relacionado com os fatos de retenção, tortura e morte de três autoridades indígenas arhuacas em 1990. Este artigo conclui que a peritagem antropológica é um dispositivo da prática disciplinar capaz de contribuir para as demandas de acesso à justiça por parte dos povos indígenas e, em consequência, para a compreensão da diversidade cultural nos cenários judiciais. Sua produção e as relações epistemológicas, políticas e intersubjetivas associadas merecem maiores análises disciplinares. Finalmente, revelar o processo metodológico de elaboração de uma peritagem antropológica, sua adaptação às demandas de justiça e às lacunas de um processo de judicialização particular, bem como aprofundar nos questionamentos a partir da antropologia são materializados neste artigo como um exercício pertinente e relevante para a reflexão sobre a prática disciplinar em cenários judiciais.

Abstract: In judicial processes involving indigenous peoples, it has become increasingly recurrent to integrate special mechanisms to allow for dialogue, and the interpretation and translation of the cultural differences of the indigenous worlds before state justice operators. Expert appraisal is one of these devices that summon the anthropological discipline to the courts. The purpose of this article is to show how expert opinion is a device of professional practice for the intervention of anthropology in processes of demand for justice intended to guarantee the understanding of cultural and social diversity. The arguments and elements detailed in the article are based on a research experience involving the Arhuaco indigenous people of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia between 2018 and 2020, the documentary/bibliographic analysis, and the study of the judicial file related to the facts concerning the retention, torture, and death of three Arhuaco indigenous authorities that occurred in 1990. The article concludes that anthropological expertise is a device of disciplinary practice that can support the demands of indigenous peoples for access to justice and, therefore, to the understanding of cultural diversity in the courts. Its production and the associated epistemological, political, and intersubjective relationships merit further disciplinary analysis. Finally, revealing the methodological process of the elaboration of an anthropological expert opinion, its adaptation to the demands of justice, and the gaps of a particular judicialization process, as well as further exploring the questions posed by anthropology, are discussed in the article as a relevant and pertinent exercise for reflection on the practice of the discipline in judicial scenarios.

Abstract: The one-dimensional Bin Packing Problem (1D-BPP) is a classical NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization with an extensive number of industrial and logistic applications, considered intractable because it demands a significant amount of resources for its solution. The Grouping Genetic Algorithm with Controlled Gene Transmission (GGA-CGT) is one of the best state-of-the-art algorithms for 1D-BPP. This article aims to highlight the impact that the crossover operator itself can have on the final performance of the GGA-CGT. We present a comparative experimental study of four state-of-the-art crossover operators for 1D-BPP: Uniform, Exon Shuffling, Greedy Partition and Gene-level; this is the first time that the Uniform, Exon Shuffling and Greedy Partition operators are adapted and studied as a part of the GGA-CGT; moreover, the Uniform crossover has never been used before for solving the 1D-BPP. We measure the performance of the GGA-CGT by replacing its original crossover operator (Gene-level) with each of the other three state-of-the-art operators. Furthermore, we propose a new version of the Uniform crossover and examine two replacement strategies for the Gene-level crossover. Experimental results indicate that the Gene-level crossover operator is shown to have a greater impact in terms of the number of optimal solutions found, outperforming the other operators for the class of Hard28 instances, which has shown the greatest degree of difficulty for 1D-BPP algorithms.

The accelerated scientific, technological, and social advances in recent years have posed new challenges for professional training institutions, where universities play a leading role. Medical schools have not been oblivious to this process. This is how Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile implemented in 2015 a curricular reform derived from the joint work of academics, students and graduates. For this purpose, a model consisting of stages was followed, including the identification of the problem, general assessment of needs, definition of purpose and learning objectives. We worked with surveys, focus groups and committees of academics and students to identify and map content within the mesh, review terminal learning objectives while creating and reviewing courses for the vertically and horizontally integrated delivery of content and competencies. The first cohort of the new curriculum entered in 2015, consisting of 126 students. The implementation required constant follow-up and monitoring, establishing changes and adjustments according to educational needs and unforeseen conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The implementation process of the new curriculum has been positive, adjusting to the defined strategic planning and responding to unexpected events.

Abstract Objective: Borderline ovarian tumors (BOT) are a group of neoplastic lesions of epithelial origin of the ovary that present characteristics of malignant tumors but without stromal invasion and are characterized by having a good prognosis. The objective of the study is to determine the concordance between frozen section and definitive biopsy of BOT in our hospital center. Method: A retrospective, cross-sectional analytical study of the frozen section and definitive BOT biopsies was performed in the pathological anatomy database of the Padre Hurtado Hospital during the years 2010 and 2019. The statistical and concordance analysis was performed using kappa tests. Results: 4546 biopsy reports were reviewed during 2010 and 2018. A total of 163 malignant ovarian tumors were investigated, of which 69 (42%) corresponded to BOT. Of these, the most common subtypes were 39 (56.2%) serous, 28 (40.57%) mucinous and 2 (2.8%) endometroid. The concordance results of serous BOT is moderate, 75.71% with a kappa index of 0.5143 (p = 0.000), and mucinous BOT have fair concordance, 65.71% with a kappa index of 0.2398 (p = 0.0222). Conclusions: BOT correspond to a large percentage of malignant tumors of the ovary, with the serous subtype being the most common. The concordance between contemporary and definitive biopsy is between fair and moderate.

Resumen Objetivo: Los tumores de ovario borderline (BOT) son un grupo de lesiones neoplásicas de origen epitelial del ovario que presentan características de tumores malignos, pero sin invasión del estroma, y se caracterizan por tener un buen pronóstico. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la concordancia diagnóstica entre biopsia contemporánea y definitiva de los BOT en nuestro centro hospitalario. Método: Se realizó un estudio analítico retrospectivo de corte transversal de las biopsias contemporáneas y definitivas de BOT en la base de datos de anatomía patológica del Hospital Padre Hurtado, entre los años 2010 y 2019. El análisis estadístico de concordancia se realizó mediante test de kappa. Resultados: Se revisaron 4546 informes de biopsias entre los años 2010 y 2019. Se pesquisaron 163 tumores malignos de ovario, de los cuales 69 (42,33%) correspondieron a BOT. De estos, 39 fueron serosos (56,2%), 28 mucinosos (40,57%) y 2 (2,8%) de tipo endometrioide. El resultado de concordancia diagnóstica de BOT seroso es moderada, del 75,71% con un índice de kappa de 0,5143 (p = 0,000), y el de BOT mucinoso es débil, del 65,71% con un índice de kappa de 0,2398 (p = 0,0222). Conclusiones: Los BOT corresponden a un gran porcentaje dentro de los tumores malignos del ovario, siendo el subtipo seroso el más común. La concordancia entre biopsia contemporánea y definitiva es de débil a moderada.

Abstract: This research aims to identify the potential implications of the Design Thinking methodology applied to Urban Design processes, as a useful tool to guide situated design processes and innovation facing complexity, learning through the process based on reflective action learning among others. The study analyzes the experience of urban designers and academics on developing urban design projects within the framework of the Master in Integrated Cities Design (MDCI in Spanish) at the Universidad Viña del Mar, Chile (2019-2020), who implemented an Urban Design process under the hypothesis that it serves as an innovative tool in three aspects: empathy, iteration, and scalability. It takes a phenomenological qualitative research methodology and analyzes both the common and distinct experiences of urban designers and academics at the MDCI project laboratory that they recognize as relevant in the process. The experiences were evaluated through group interviews. The data analysis was done through coding methods based on Grounded Theory, identifying those experiences relevant to the Urban Design process that promote the capacity for innovation in the production of urban space. A total of nine innovation dimensions relevant to Urban Design are identified insofar as Design Thinking promotes a focus on the process and not on the final project, encouraging situated knowledge that explores the territory through experimentation based on artifacts and experiences and aims to open ongoing questions. All of this promotes learning through the process of iteration where the Urban Designer takes on the role of facilitator of design processes, promoting forms of local governance for a specific issue and incorporating diverse disciplinary and experiential approaches to address the urban problem.

Resumen: la metodología de Design Thinking en procesos de diseño urbano, como una herramienta procedimental útil para orientarlos de manera situada en el territorio y de forma innovadora frente a desafíos complejos, y que permite el aprendizaje durante el proceso mediante la acción reflexiva. El estudio se basa en el análisis de la experiencia de diseñadores y académicos involucrados en proyectos desarrollados en el marco del Magíster en Diseño de Ciudades Integradas (MDCI) de la Universidad Viña del Mar, Chile (2019-2020), quienes implementaron la metodología bajo la hipótesis de que esta es una herramienta innovadora en tres aspectos: la empatización, la iteración y la escalabilidad. La metodología de investigación es cualitativa del tipo fenomenológica, analiza las experiencias comunes y distintas de los profesionales. Estas se evaluaron mediante entrevistas grupales. El análisis de los datos se desplegó a través de métodos de codificación basados en la teoría fundamentada (Grounded Theory), identificando experiencias relevantes para el proceso de diseño urbano que promuevan la capacidad de innovación en proyectos de este tipo. Se identificaron nueve dimensiones de innovación relevantes, en tanto el Design Thinking 1) se enfoca en el proceso mismo y no necesariamente en el proyecto final, promoviendo el conocimiento situado mediante la experimentación basada en artefactos y experiencias; 2) origina interrogaciones constantes y el aprendizaje durante el proceso de iteración, situando al diseñador como un facilitador; 3) impulsa formas de gobernanza local para un problema específico, incorporando diversos enfoques experienciales a la hora de abordar el problema urbano.

Resumen Usando las representaciones anatómicas de Cristy-Eckerman (C-E) / Segars y el formalismo MIRD, se estiman las dosis absorbidas en pulmones de pacientes recién nacidos explorados con radiofarmacos 133Xe (Ventilación) y 99mTc (MAA) (perfusión). Estas representaciones son fantomas utilizados en los cálculos de Monte Carlo en la determinación de fracciones absorbidas específicas, que asociadas al tiempo de residencia farmacéutica determinan la dosis absorbida. Preocupaciones sobre el impacto dosimétrico de usar estos agentes ventilación /perfusión, así como el uso de diferentes fantomas, se exploraron en pacientes recién nacidos. Cuando a los pulmones se exploran con 99mTc(MAA), la diferencia relativa en la dosis total entre las representaciones anatómicas de C-E/Segars fue de 1,0 %. Cuando a los pulmones se exploran con 133 Xe, la diferencia relativa en la dosis total entre las representaciones antropomórficas de C-E/Segars fue de 0,5 %. Independientemente del radiofármaco utilizado para los estudios pulmonares de un paciente recién nacido, la sustitución de la representación de C-E por la de Segars no refleja cambios muy significativos en el cálculo de la dosis absorbida en los pulmones, donde la mayor contribución dosimétrica es su autodosis que es suministrada principalmente por los electrones producidos a lo largo de la desintegración del 99mTc y 133Xe.

Abstract Using the Cristy-Eckerman (C-E)/Segars anatomical representations and the MIRD formalism, the Absorbed doses in lungs of newborn patients scanned with radiopharmaceuticals 133Xe (ventilation) and 99mTc (MAA) (perfusion) are estimated. These representations are phantoms used in Monte Carlo calculations to determine specific absorbed fractions, which, associated with the pharmaceutical residence time, determine the absorbed dose. Concerns about the dosimetric impact of using these ventilation / perfusion agents, as well as the use of different phantoms, were explored in newborn patients. When the lungs were scanned with 99mTc (MAA), the relative difference in total dose between the C-E / Segars anatomical representations was 1.0%. When the lungs were scanned with 133Xe, the relative difference in total dose between the anthropomorphic representations of C-E / Segars was 0.5%. Regardless of the radiopharmaceutical used for the pulmonary studies of a newborn patient, the substitution of the C-E representation for that of Segars does not reflect very significant changes in the calculation of the absorbed dose in the lungs, where the greatest dosimetric contribution is its self-dose, which is supplied mainly by the electrons produced during the 99mTc and 133 Xe decay.

Resumen: A partir de una reflexión en torno a la función poetológica y estética del dolor en la obra literaria de Charles Baudelaire, el presente ensayo interroga la relación que puede establecerse entre esta escritura del dolor y el “estremecimiento” que el discurso estético moderno ha asociado a la experiencia de lo sublime. El principio de la “alquimia del dolor” que está a la base de Las flores del mal permite pensar cómo este afecto brinda a la dimensión perceptiva y afectiva de la experiencia estética un vigor inusitado. El dolor, lejos de presentarse en Baudelaire como la constatación de que el círculo esplenético del mundo se ha cerrado sobre sí, irrumpe como un vector de intensificación de la experiencia afectiva del arte que permite emancipar a la imaginación del peso de las imágenes que la turban.

Abstract: The present paper has as starting point the reflection about the poetological and aesthetic function of pain in Charles Baudelaire’s literary work. After that, we address the relationship that can be established between this writing of pain and the “trembling” that the modern aesthetic discourse has associated with the experience of the sublime. The principle of the 2022“alchemy of pain” that is at the base of The Flowers of Evil allows us to think about how this affect gives an unusual vigor to the perceptual and affective dimension of the aesthetic experience. The pain, far from presenting in Baudelaire the confirmation that the circle of the spleen closes the world, breaks out as a vector of intensification of the affective experience of art that allows the imagination to be emancipated from the weight of the images that disturb it.